Density Converter
Convert between different units of density measurement including kg/m³, g/cm³, lb/ft³, oz/in³, and more. Essential for materials science, engineering, and physics applications.
Common Density Conversions
⚗️ Density Fundamentals
Definition: Mass per unit volume (ρ = m/V)
Temperature Effect: Most materials expand when heated (density decreases)
Pressure Effect: Liquids/solids slightly compressible, gases very compressible
Buoyancy: Objects float if their density < fluid density
Specific Gravity: Density relative to water at 4°C
🏗️ Engineering Applications
Structural Design: Material selection, load calculations
Fluid Mechanics: Pressure calculations, pump sizing
Materials Science: Porosity analysis, quality control
Environmental: Pollution concentration, soil analysis
Manufacturing: Mixing ratios, product specifications
🌊 Fluid Density Applications
Hydrostatic Pressure: P = ρgh (depth pressure)
Archimedes Principle: Buoyant force = ρ_fluid × V_displaced × g
Flow Calculations: Reynolds number Re = ρvL/μ
Mixing: Density differences drive natural convection
🔬 Density Measurement Methods
Pycnometer: Precise volume measurement for liquids
Hydrometer: Float-based measurement for liquids
Density Meter: Electronic oscillating tube method
Gas Displacement: For porous solids (powder, foam)
Archimedes Method: Weighing in air vs fluid
🌌 Extreme Densities
Lightest: Aerogel ~1 kg/m³ (lighter than air)
Gases: Hydrogen ~0.09 kg/m³, Helium ~0.18 kg/m³
Heavy Elements: Osmium ~22,600 kg/m³ (densest natural)
White Dwarf: ~10⁹ kg/m³ (1 ton per cm³)
Neutron Star: ~10¹⁷ kg/m³ (nuclear density)
Black Hole: Varies enormously with size
🧪 Laboratory & Industrial Standards
Water (4°C): Exactly 1000 kg/m³ (reference standard)
STP Conditions: 0°C, 1 atm for gas densities
API Gravity: Petroleum industry standard (°API)
Baumé Scale: Historic hydrometer scale
Quality Control: Density as purity indicator
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